Wednesday 31 January 2018
Download Economic Survey 2018 in Hindi and English
India's economy should grow between 7 percent and 7.5 percent in the 2018/19 (April-March) with exports and private investment set to rebound, the country's top finance ministry economist said in a report presented on Monday.
The Economic Survey, which sets the stage for Finance Minister Arun Jaitley's annual budget on Thursday, forecast that economic management will be challenging in the coming year.
The survey was prepared by the finance ministry's Chief Economic Adviser Arvind Subramanian, who estimates that gross domestic product will have grown 6.75 percent in the current fiscal year ending in March.
For UPSC civil Service exam Economic survey is important so here you can download economic survey in both the language .
Economic Survey 2017-18
Wednesday 24 January 2018
Humans Rights
Human Rights are those rights to which all humans are entitled merely by virtue of being humans. They are the inalienable and inviolable rights of all human beings. They derive from the inherent dignity of human beings. They are essential for human survival and human development.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. This declaration represents the first international expression of human rights to which all human beings are entitled.
It is described as the “International Magna Carta”. The declaration consists of 30 articles which can be divided into four parts.
These are explained below.
The first two articles contain the basic principles underlying all human rights. Thus, they state as follows:
Article 1 : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 2 : Everyone is entitled to all the human rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Articles 3 to 21 consist of civil and political rights. They are as under:
Article 3 : Right to life, liberty and security
Article 4 : Freedom from slavery and servitude
Article 5 : Freedom from torture and inhuman punishment
Article 6 : Right to recognition as a person before the law
Article 7 : Right to equality before the law
Article 8 : Right to judicial remedy
Article 9 : Freedom from arbitrary arrest or exile
Article 10 : Right to a fair trial and public hearing
Article 11 : Right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty
Article 12 : Right to privacy and reputation
Article 13 : Right to freedom of movement
Article 14 : Right to seek asylum
Article 15 : Right to a nationality
Article 16 : Right to marriage and family protection
Article 17 : Right to own property
Article 18 : Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 19 : Freedom of opinion, expression and information
Article 20 : Freedom of peaceful assembly and association
Article 21 : Right to participate in government and equal access to public service
Articles 22 to 27 contain economic, social and cultural rights.
They are mentioned below:
Article 22 : Right to social security
Article 23 : Right to work and equal pay for equal work
Article 24 : Right to rest and leisure
Article 25 : Right to adequate standard of living for health and well-being including food, clothing, housing, medical care, social services and security.
Article 26 : Right to education
Article 27 : Right to participate in cultural life of community
The last three articles specify the context within which all the human rights are to be enjoyed. Thus, they state as under:
Article 28 : Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the above rights and freedoms can be fully realised.
Article 29 : The exercise of the above rights and freedoms shall be limited for the purpose of securing recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for meeting the requirements of morality, public order and general welfare.
Article 30 : No state, group or person has any right to engage in any activity aimed at the destruction of the above rights and freedoms.
International Bill of Human Rights Later on, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was bifurcated into two separate covenants, namely, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
The human rights and freedoms contained in the Universal Declaration have been further developed and elaborated upon in these two covenants. Both the covenants were adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966 and came into force in 1976.
In addition to the above two detailed covenants, two Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were also adopted by the UN General Assembly. The First Optional Protocol was adopted in 1966 itself while the Second Optional Protocol was adopted in 1989. The First Optional Protocol provides for the submission of complaints by individuals whose human rights have been violated by a State party. The Second Optional Protocol, on the other hand, advocates the abolition of the death penalty. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights constitute what is now widely regarded as the “International Bill of Human Rights”.
Other International Conventions The International Bill of Human Rights has been further supplemented by various other international treaties, conventions and declarations. They are usually regarded as “human rights instruments”.
They are specialised in nature and related to either a particular human right or to a specific vulnerable group.
The important among them are as follows:
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)
- Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)
- Declaration on the Right to Development (1986)
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
- Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990)
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006)
Human Rights in India The Constitution of India has a rich content of human right
The Preamble, the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy reflect the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
The four ideals of the Preamble are aimed at the promotion of human rights. They are as under:
- Justice in social, economic and political spheres
- Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship
- Equality of status and opportunity
- Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual
- Right to equality
- Right to freedom
- Right against exploitation
- Right to freedom of religion
- Cultural and educational rights
- Right to constitutional remedies
- Socialistic Principles
- Gandhian Principles
- Liberal-Intellectual Principles
In the course of time, the Supreme Court has also expanded the scope of human rights contained in the Fundamental Rights. It declared a number of human rights as integral part of fundamental rights, though they have not been specifically mentioned in Part-III of the Constitution.
The examples of such un-enumerated fundamental rights are right to health, right to speedy trial, right against torture, right to privacy, right to travel abroad, right to free legal aid, and so on.
In addition to these, the various laws enacted by the Parliament and the State Legislatures contain a number of human rights, particularly for the vulnerable sections of the society. Some such laws are the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, the Protection of Civil Rights Act, the Persons with Disabilities Act, the Minimum Wages Act, and so on. Finally, the Protection of Human Rights Act (1993) defines human rights in India as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
Further, it also defined the International Covenants as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 16th December, 1996 and such other Covenant or Convention adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations as the Central Government may, by notifications, specify. The Indian Government acceded to these two International Covenants on April 10, 1979.
The Constitution of India and the laws of Parliament as well as state legislatures not only consist of several human rights but also provide for the establishment of national and state commissions for the protection and promotion of those rights.
National Commissions Related to Human Rights
Name of the Commission
|
Established Under
|
1. National Commission for SCs
|
Constitution (Article 338)
|
2. National Commission for STs
|
Constitution (Article 338-A)
|
3.Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
|
Constitution (Article 350-B)
|
4. National Human Rights Commission
|
The Protection of Human Rights Act,1993
|
5. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
|
The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005
|
6. National Commission for Women
|
The National Commission for Women Act, 1990
|
7. National Commission for Minorities
|
The National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992
|
8. National Commission for Backward Classes
|
The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993
|
9. Central Commissioner for Disabled
|
Persons The Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995
|
State Commissions Related to Human Rights
Sr No
|
Name of the Commission
|
Established Under
|
1.
|
State Human Rights Commission
|
The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
|
2.
|
State Commission for Protection of Child Rights
|
The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005
|
3.
|
State Commissioner for Disabled Persons
|
The Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995
|
4.
|
State Commission for SCs and STs
|
Act of the State Legislature or Executive Resolution of the State Government
|
5.
|
State Commission for Women of the State Government
|
Act of the State Legislature or Executive
|
6.
|
State Commission for Minorities
|
Resolution Act of the State Legislature or Executive Resolution of the State Government
|
7.
|
State Commission for Backward Classes
|
Act of the State Legislature or Executive Resolution of the State Government
|
Sunday 21 January 2018
India admitted to Australia Group
India on Friday joined the
Australia Group, saying the
membership will be mutually benefitcial.
The Ministry of External
Aairs (MEA) said India’s entry
into the group, which
aims to prevent proliferation
of biological and chemical
weapons, would ensure a
more secure world.
“The Australia Group decided
to admit India as its
43rd participant. India
would like to thank each of
the participants. Its entry
would be mutually benefi
cial and further contribute
to international security and
nonproliferation objectives,”
MEA spokesperson
Raveesh Kumar said, praising
the role of the former
head of the group Jane
Hardy.
Earlier, in a separate
statement, the Australia
Group said India’s membership
would help to counter
the “spread of materials,
equipment and technologies
that could contribute to the
development or acquisition
of chemical/biological weapons.”
Diplomats said the entry
is a show of support from
the international community
for India’s non proliferation
records.
“India’s entry into the
Australia Group shows our export controls and safeguards
for biological and
chemical agents, equipment and technologies
meet the benchmarks established
by the international
community,” said Rakesh
Sood, a former Special Envoy
of the Prime Minister for
Disarmament and
NonProliferation.
India joined the Missile
Technology Control Regime
(MTCR) in 2016 and the Wassenaar
Arrangement (WA)
last year.
Thursday 18 January 2018
Urban Heat Island
causes , solutions ,pdf , mitigation ,ppt ,case study , upsc , urban heatland wikipedia
What is Urban Heat Island ?
The Urban Heat Island is an urban area that is significantly warmer than its surroundings rural area due ti its Human activities. This effect is known as urban heat island effect.
Reasons for the Formation of Urban Heat Island
- Concentration of heavy vehicular and industrial pollution in urban Areas.
- Discharge of greenhouse gases (CHG.) in substantial amounts, which trap the outgoing infrared radiations.
- Tall buildings and other Infrastructure which obstruct the flow of wind is, consequently obstructing the transfer of Heat.
- Lack of vegetation in urban areas which acts as heat and carbon sink.
- Majority of urban surfaces are composed of metals, glass, concrete or asphalt. These materials have high heat-retaining capacity during the day and emit this heat out during the night.
- The inability of water to penetrate the above materials makes the urban landscape behave as desert landscape.
Effects of UHIs
- UHI have the potential to directly affect the health of urban residents. UHI witness prolonged heat waves which result in higher fatalities due to heat stroke,exhaustion heatcramps, etc.
- UHI have varied effects on biodiversity. The variation In temperatures adversely affect local species and promote the invasion of alien species.
- The raised temperature may elevate the temperature of local water bodies causing the aquatic animals to undergo thermal stress and shock.
- The increased temperatures provide fertile breeding ground for insects, which bring a host of diseases along with them.
- UHI create a spike in energy consumption duo to higher use of refrigerated air conditionals.
- UHI can alter load weather conditions arch as wind, Humidity, and rainfall.
Mitigation Strategies
- The effects of UHI can he diluted to some Extend by applying techniques to maintain a large albedo. Larger albedo means higher ability to reflect radiations. The buildings and ether dark Surfaces (asphalt) could be painted with a light colour or with a high reflective coating.
- Green roofs (roofs with plants and vegetation) on top of buildings help lower down the temperature and compensate to some extent for the loss of vegetation. Beside green roof, roof sprinklers in reducing temperature of evaporation.
- Increasing area wider natural vegetation and reclaiming waste lands to develop green belts may also help in reducing the effects of UHl.
- While deciding urban architecture, wind flow should be given priority. Urban architecture should be least detrimental to natural Wind flow.
Govt. to revisit Malimath report
A 2003 report of a Committee on reforms in the criminal justice system that recommended admissibility of confessions made before a police oofficer as evidence in a court of law is being revisited by the Centre, a senior government offcial said. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System, or the Justice Malimath Committee, was constituted by the Home Ministry in 2000 by then Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani, who also held the Home portfolio. It was headed by Justice V.S. Malimath, former Chief Justice of the Karnataka and Kerala High Courts. DGP conference
The Commitee’s report was discussed at the annual Directors General of Police (DGP) conference held at Tekanpur in Madhya Pradesh earlier this month at which Prime Minister Narendra Modi was present. Mr. Modi attended the presentation made by Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) DG R.K Pachnanda on the Committee’s recommendations. Senior police ocers also briefed the Prime Minister on internal security. Asked if the government would implement the recommendations, Minister of State for Home Kiren Rijiju said, “Consultations will be held with the Law Ministry. Home Ministry cannot implement the report on its own.”
The Malimath panel had made 158 recommendations but these were never implemented.
The subsequent UPA governments from 2004 to 2014 did not act on the report either. Judges’ impeachment The Committee also suggested constituting a National Judicial Commission and amending Article 124 to make impeachment of judges less difficult.
Friday 5 January 2018
Several important schemes for development of women and children are being implemented by WCD Ministry
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing various schemes/programmes for empowerment of women and development of children across the country. The details of those schemes are as follows:
For Women empowerment:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), a comprehensive programme is being implemented to address the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and related issues of empowerment of women over a life-cycle continuum.
- Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), {erstwhile Maternity Benefit Programme} has been contributing towards better enabling environment by providing cash incentives for improved health and nutrition to pregnant and nursing mothers.
- Scheme for Adolescent Girls aims at girls in the age group 11-18, to empower and improve their social status through nutrition, life skills, home skills and vocational training.
- Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra scheme, promote community participation through involvement of Student Volunteers for empowerment of rural women.
- National Creche Scheme to provide day care facilities to children of age group of 6 months to 6 years of working women who are employed.
- Rastriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) to provide micro-credit to poor women for various livelihood support and income generating activities at concessional terms in a client-friendly procedure to bring about their socio-economic development.
- Swadhar Greh to provide relief and rehabilitation to destitute women and women in distress.
- Ujjawala, a Comprehensive Scheme for prevention of trafficking and for rescue, rehabilitation, re-integration and repatriation of victims of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.
- Working Women Hostels for ensuring safe accommodation for women working away from their place of residence. Under this scheme, 2 new proposals have been received and 2 sanctioned in Himachal Pradesh during last three years.
- Schemes of One Stop Centre (OSC) and Women Helpline (WH) are being implemented to facilitate access to an integrated range of services including medical aid, police assistance, legal aid/ case management, psychosocial counseling and temporary support services to women affected by violence.
- Gender Budgeting Scheme is being implemented as a tool for mainstreaming gender perspective at various stages of planning, budgeting, implementation, impact assessment and revisiting of policy/programme objectives and allocations. The Scheme helps in strengthening of institutional mechanisms and training of various stakeholders so as to mainstream gender concerns in Central and State Governments.
For Child Development
- Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme is being implemented through States/UTs with the aim of holistic development of children upto 6 years of age and to meet nutritional needs of pregnant women and lactating mothers.
- Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) (now Child protection Services) is being implemented through the State Government/UT Administrations to create a safe and secure environment for overall development of children in need of care and protection in urban and semi-urban areas.
- National Nutrition Mission (NNM): The Government of India has approved setting up of National Nutrition Mission (NNM) commencing from 2017-18. The NNM, as an apex body, will monitor, supervise, fix targets and guide the nutrition related interventions across the Ministries. The programme through the targets will strive to reduce the level of stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies.
This information was given by Minister of State for Women and Child Development, Dr. Virendra Kumar in reply to a question in Rajya Sabha today.
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