DOWNLOAD SPIPA PREVIOUS PAPERS OF CIVIL SERVICES ENTRANCE EXAM

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Paper 1 : General Studies 2017	Download File  [English | 2,165 KB]
Paper 2 : General Studies 2017	Download File  [English | 2,399 KB]
ESSAY PAPER 2017	Download File  [English | 361 KB]
Paper 1 : General Studies 2016	Download File  [English | 2,674 KB]
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General Studies Paper-2010	Download File  [English | 1,030 kb]
English Paper-2010	Download File  [English | 286 kb]
Essay Paper Set-2010	Download File  [English | 67 kb]
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GSPC CLASS 1 & 2 Prelims and Mains Paper and Syllabus Download

Syllabus 

Detail Syllabus and Exam Structure 

Prelims 

1. Paper 1 (2017)

2. Paper 2 (2017)


Mains (2017)

1. Essay                                                 CSM -1

2. English Paper                                  CSM -2

3. Gujarati Paper                                 CSM -3

4. General Studies Paper 1                 CSM -4

5. General Studies Paper 2                CSM -5

6. General Studies Paper 3                CSM -6

Vision IAS Mains 360 free Pdf 2018

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Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 Environment

Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 IR

Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 Polity

Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 Economy 

Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 Social Issues 

Vision IAS Mains 365 2018 Security 

 

Stamp's Classification of Climatic Regions

Stamp's Climatic Regionalization

Dr. L. Dudley Stamp's classification of Indian climate is very much akin to that suggested by W.G. Kendrew. This classification is empirical, arbitrary and subjective, but uses quantitative limits to the regions in easily understood units like temperature and rainfall. Stamp's schemes has been presented here with slight modifications here and there. Stamp used 18°C isotherm of mean monthly temperature for January to divide the country into two broad climatic regions, viz., temperate or continental zone in the north and tropical zone in the south. 

The two Major climatic regions are further divided into eleven depending upon the amount of rainfall and temperature.

 A. The Temperate on Continental India has been divided into following five region:

1. The Himalayan region (heavy rainfall) 
2. The north-western legion (modem, rainfall) 
3. The arid low land 
4. The region of moderate rainfall 
5. The transitional tone

B. The tropical India has been divided Into following six regions :

1. Region of very heavy rainfall 
2. Region of heavy rainfall 
3. Region of moderate rainfall 
4. The Konkan Coast 
5. The Malabar Coast 
6. Tamil Nadu 

A. Climatic regions of temperate or continental India 

I. The Himalayan Region. 

This region embraces the entire Himalayan mountain area which includes from west to cast. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, large parts of Uttarakhand, the north hill region of West Bengal. Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The winter and summer temperatures are 4*-7°C and 13°-18°C respectively. The higher reaches are perpetually under snow and ice. The average annual rainfall exceeds 200 cm in the cast but it is much less in the west. Shimla in the west and Darjeeling in the cast arc its representative cities.

 2. The North-western Region. 

It includes the northern parts of Punjab and southern parts of Jammu and Kashmir. The winter and summer temperatures are 6°C and 24°C .respectively. Amritsar is its representative city. 

3. The Arid Lowland. 

This is a vast dry arts which includes the Thar desert of Rajasthan, south western pan of Haryana and Kachchh of Gujarat. The average temperature in winter varies from 16' to 24°C which may shoot up to 48°C in summer. Jaipur is representative city. The average annual rainfall does not exceed 40 cm. 

4. The region of moderate rainfall. 

Parts of in Haryana. western Uttar Pradesh. Union of Delhi. north-west Plateau area of Madhya Pradesh eastern Rajasthan are areas of average rainfall with an annual rainfall of 40 to 80 cm. Temperatures in January and July are 15°-18°C and respectively. Most of the rainfall occurs in summer. Delhi represents this region very well. 

5. The Transitional Zone. 

Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar comprise the transitional zone between areas of average rainfall on the west and areas of heavy rainfall in the east. The average annual rainfall in this zone is 100-150 cm. The temperatures in January and July vary between 15'-19.C. and 35°C. Patna is the representative city of this zone. 

B. Climatic Regions of Tropical India 

6. Region of very heavy rainfall. 

These areas receive more than 200 cm of annual rain and include large pans of Meghalaya. Assam, Tripura, Mizoram and Nagaland. Temperatures remain around 18'C in January and the to 32-35' C in July. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram in Meghalaya receive 1,102 cm and 1,221 cm of annual rainfall respeaively.

7. Region of heavy rainfall. 

Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand Gangetic West Bengal and coastal Andhra Pradesh receive 100-200 cm annual rainfall and are termed as areas of heavy rainfall. The rainfall is primarily brought by the monsoon winds corning from the Bay of Bengal. The cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal also bring some rainfall. The amount of rainfall decreases as we move from cast to west and from north to south. The January and July temperatures range from 18'-24°C to 29°-35'C respectively. Kolkata is the representative city of this region. 

8. Region of moderate rainfall. 

It includes mostly those areas between Western and Eastern Ghats which receive annual rainfall of 50-100 cm. Rainfall is comparatively low because this region lies in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats. The average temperature in winter is 18°-24T which rises to 32°C in summer. This region is represented by Hyderabad in Telangana. 

9. The Konkan Coast.

Extending from Mumbai in the north to Goa in the south, the Konkan Coast receives over 200 cm annual rainfall brought by the Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoons. The temperature remains fairly high and varies from 24°-27°C. Thus the annual range of temperature is very low; to the tune of 3°C only. Mumbai is the representative city of this region. 

10. The Malabar Coast. 

It extent from Goa to Knnniyakumari and receives heavy annual rainfall of over 250 cm. The rainfall is mainly brought by the south-west monsoon winds coming from the Arabian Sea and continues for about nine months in a year. The temperature remains in the vicinity of 27°C and the annual range of temperature. This region is represented by Thiruvananthpuram. 

11. Tamil Nadu. 

It includes Tamil Nadu and  adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh. The rainfall Varies from 100 to 150 cm and is mainly caused by retreating monsoons from north-East During  November and December. The temperature somewhere around 24'C. There is not much change in summer and winter temperature and the annual range of temperature is only 3' C . Chennai is representative of this region.

TALANOA DIALOGUE

WHAT IS TALANOA?

Talanoa is a traditional word used in Fiji and the Pacific to reflect a process of inclusive, participatory and transparent dialogue. The purpose of Talanoa is to share stories and build empathy in order to make wise decisions that are for the collective good. The process of Talanoa involves the sharing of ideas, skills and experience through storytelling.

During the process of the Talanoa Dialogue, Parties will build trust and advance knowledge through empathy and understanding. Blaming others and making critical observations is inconsistent with the building of mutual trust and respect, and therefore inconsistent with the methodology of the Talanoa Dialogue. The spirit of talanoa acknowledges that no-one, no matter how powerful, can solve the climate challenge on their own.

WHAT IS THE EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE TALANOA DIALOGUE?

The Talanoa Dialogue is designed to take stock of collective efforts to reduce emissions in line with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement and to inform the preparation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Ultimately, the goal is to help countries increase the ambition of their NDCs by 2020. However, the specific outcome will be determined by Parties during the political phase at COP24.

WHAT ARE THE EXPECTATIONS OF PARTIES BOTH IN TERMS OF THE CONTENT AND TIMING OF SUBMISSIONS?

The Presidencies have released guidance for submissions from Parties, similar to that issued for non-Party stakeholders (NPS). Although not mandatory, we hope that it will help Parties shape their submissions. The process is designed to allow Parties and NPS take stock of where they currently are in the climate journeys (i.e. actions and commitments) and where they need to go.

This is a useful opportunity to reflect on the progress and achievements that have been made so far, as well as on the reforms, incentives, technologies, business models and new forms of collaboration that still need to be developed, undertaken or adopted.

We are requesting that submissions be clear, concise and constructive to allow important information and innovation to be shared, and to foster knowledge transfer and best practices among stakeholders. This will also help us ensure accurate translation when summarising all submissions for the final synthesis report.

We encourage Parties to take the time they need to prepare their inputs, but the sooner Parties can submit them, the more time the inputs will have help shape the ongoing dialogue.

IS THE TALANOA DIALOGUE FOCUSED SOLELY ON MITIGATION, OR CAN INPUTS INCLUDE ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CONSIDERATIONS?

The Talanoa Dialogue is ultimately designed to help the world achieve the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement by encouraging Parties to submit more ambitious NDCs. Adaptation and resilience are important components in the NDCs of developing of countries and are critical for achieving the overarching goals of the Paris Agreement, including promoting sustainable development. Even if all countries were to immediately enact the most ambitious mitigation efforts possible, the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would still cause the impacts of climate change to worsen for some time, putting the lives and livelihoods of vulnerable communities under threat.

So whilst the 1.5/2 degrees target is critically important, strengthening the capacity of vulnerable societies to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change is necessary to ensure a sustainable transition towards a net-zero emission society as early as possible. This makes the discussion on adaptation and resilience relevant to the Talanoa Dialogue. We encourage you in particular to share experiences and lessons on actions and initiatives that address both adaption and mitigation.

WHAT ABOUT ISSUES LIKE HEALTH AND GENDER?

Consideration of “cross-cutting” issues like health and gender can also be included in submissions where it is relevant to the climate action or initiative that is being discussed in the context of the three core questions.

CAN INDIVIDUALS CONTRIBUTE TO THE TALANOA DIALOGUE?

Yes, individuals can contribute to the Talanoa Dialogue. However, individuals thinking about submitting an input are encouraged to consider how they can join efforts with others to prepare a joint input. This will help the Presidencies and secretariat in their work to consolidate the submissions.

CAN PARTIES INVITE NPS TO SUBMIT INPUTS?

Yes, however the submission should clearly indicate the entity(-ies) making the submission. We want to hear as many and as diverse a range of stories as possible. In order to address the great climate change challenge, we need to reach a new level of global collaboration between governments, cities, businesses, investors, civil society, the scientific community and ordinary men and women. No one actor can solve this problem alone and so Parties are encouraged to collaborate with NPS in their submissions or to encourage them to submit their own inputs.

We encourage all stakeholders to consider ways to consolidate inputs or prepare joint inputs where appropriate, in order to aid in the production of the synthesis report.

DO INPUTS NEED TO INCLUDE CONCRETE PROJECTS, INNOVATIONS OR GOALS?

It would be helpful to include these but it is not mandatory. However, remember that the Dialogue is designed to promote the sharing of stories, ideas and information that the world can learn from, both in terms of what has worked and what hasn’t worked in terms of mitigation and adaptation initiatives and related enabling mechanisms like policy, governance, regulation, financing and institutional structures. Information should be relevant for enhancing the next round of NDCs and concrete examples, lessons and experiences will help achieve this.

WHAT IF I MISS 2 APRIL DEADLINE?

Any input received later to that deadline will still appear on the Talanoa Dialogue Online Platform and will be included in the final synthesis report, but will not be part of the materials that the secretariat will produce in time for the May sessions.

HOW WILL THE OUTCOMES OF MAY SESSIONS IMPACT THE POLITICAL PHASE?

The outcomes of the May Sessions will be summarised in a report that will also include the summary of the portal submissions received up to 2 April 2018 as well as the outputs of the technical expert meetings (TEMs). This summary report will provide early signals on the elements to need to be discussed in the political phase at COP24. The summary report, along with other submissions and inputs during the rest of the year, will be fed into the final synthesis report that will be discussed at the political phase.

WHAT ARE THE OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE BETWEEN MAY AND COP24?

The preparatory phase is expected to run throughout the year and until COP24. Additional information on the conduct of the preparatory phase will be provided after the May sessions. The Presidencies further encourage Parties and non-Party stakeholders to continue to cooperate in convening local, national, regional or global events in support of the Talanoa Dialogue.

A second deadline for inputs has been set for 29 October 2018. Any input received later to that deadline will still appear on the Online Platform, but will not be part of the materials that the secretariat produce in time for COP24.

HOW WILL THE PRESIDENCIES PREPARE THE SYNTHESIS REPORT?

We must ensure that the report accurately reflects the submissions and serves as a useful tool for political leaders a view of where we are in terms of current mitigation and adaptation efforts; goals and visions; and clear directions on how to get there.

The Presidencies will assess how best to accomplish this as submissions are reviewed. At this stage, it is already clear that the synthesis report will need to be succinct, credible, easy to access and organised in a clear and logical fashion. It will be informed by science and present clear directions and messages for how to enhance and implement NDCs.

Ratchet Mechanism

The Paris Ratchat Mechanism is designed to steady increase ambition over the time , Ensuring that world reaches net zero emission in the second half of the century and keeps temperature 'well below 2 C '.

Stage one: NDCs 1.0

Even though the agreement has not yet come into force, this cyclical process is already underway.

In the nine months before Paris, countries submitted their “intended nationally determined contributions”, which are regularly abbreviated to INDCs.

Each of these contains the country’s intended domestic target for reducing or slowing its greenhouse gas emissions. Others contained information on topics, such as adaptation, loss and damage and financial need, according to individual preference.

The 160 submissions received by the UN remain “intended”, and are not set in stone until the country in question ratifies the agreement. Indeed, many countries stressed that their contribution was contingent upon the outcome of the UN deal struck in Paris.

Countries are not legally bound to meet the targets in their nationally determined contribution (NDC), but they must take action “with the aim of achieving” their goals.

However, the current policies do not collectively achieve the agreement’s aim to keep temperature rise to below 2C — and are even further from its aspirational target of limiting it to 1.5C.

Stage two: Facilitative dialogue

The ratcheting up of ambition really begins in 2018, when countries have agreed to convene a “facilitative dialogue”.

This is a chance for countries to take stock of how close they are to achieving the long-term goals of the agreement to peak emissions as soon as possible and achieve net zero emissions in the second half of the century.

This dialogue is designed to inform the next round of NDCs, so that countries have a clearer idea of the direction of travel.

Stage three: NDCs 2.0

With the outcome of the facilitative dialogue in mind, countries have to either update or communicate a new NDC by 2020.

Due to the flimsy set of rules guiding the first round of NDCs, the submissions cover various timeframes. Some set a target for 2030, such as the EU. Others have a target for 2025, such as the US.

For countries with a target covering the period up to 2025, they must communicate a new NDC by 2020. For those with 2030 targets, they must “communicate or update” these by 2020.

The agreement says that the efforts of each country will “represent a progression over time”, and reflect its “highest possible ambition”. For developed countries, these should be economy-wide, absolute emission targets, while developing countries are encouraged to move towards this kind of target over time. The division between developed and developing countries is now more fluid than it was before the agreement.

This does not mean that the ambition contained within each country’s current NDC is frozen in place. The agreement says that a country can adjust its contribution “at any time…with a view to enhancing its level of ambition” — but there is no strict obligation to undertake such improvements.

Once the agreement has come into force, countries will agree a common timeframe for their future contributions. This means that future cycles will eventually fall into line, with every country setting targets covering the same time period.

Countries must thereafter continue to submit new NDCs every five years. Alongside these, they are also encouraged to submit an “adaptation communication”, which includes its priorities, plans and needs. Every two years, developed countries also have to communicate how much climate finance they will provide to developing countries.

Stage four: Global stocktake

In 2023, just before the third round of NDCs are due to be submitted, the UN has agreed there will be a “global stocktake”.

Sargeant plan of Education 1944

The Sergeant Plan was worked out by the Central advisory board of education in 1944 

Recommendation of Sargeant plan of Education 1944               

1. Pre primary education for the 3-6 age group , free , universal and compulsory elementary education for 6-11 year age , high school education for 11-17 year age group for selected children , and a university course of 3 year after the higher secondary high schools to be of two types 

1) Academic 

2) Technical and Vocational 

1. adequate technical , commercial and Arts education.
2. abolition of intermediate course .
3. Liquidation of adult illiteracy in 20 year.
4. stress on teacher training , physical education , education for the physically and mentally handicapped .

the objective was to create within 40 Years the same levels of educational attainment as prevailed in England. although a bold and comprehensive scheme , it proposed no methodology for implementation . Also the ideal of England's achievement may not have suited  Indian conditions.

Hartog Committee ,1929

An increase in number of schools and college had led to deterioration of education standards. The Hartog Committee was set up to report on development of education .

Main Recommendation                                                                     

1. Emphasis should be on primary education but there need be no hasty expansion or compulsion in education.
2. Only deserving students should go in for high school and intermediate stage , while average students should be diverted to vocational course after VIII standards.
3. For Improvements in standards of University education , admission should be Restricted.

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hartog committee 1929 slideshare

hartog committee slideshare

hartog committee report 1929 conclusion

hartog committee report 1927

sargent committee

hartog commission 1929 upsc

sadler commission

hunter commission

Sun Temple In India

Sun has been revered since Vedic age with many hymns written for the celestial Body, it is worshipped as Aditya or Surya. There are many rituals in practice for worshipping the deity. Many temples have also been constructed with Sun as the chief deity. Sun temples are even found in Japan, Egypt, China, etc. Some of the Rajput cans, namely "Suryavanshi", worship Sun and claim themselves to be the descendants of the deity. 

Some of the major temples in India are: 

1. Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat. It was built in 11 th century.
   
   
2.  Konark Sun temple, Odisha. It was made by Narasimhadeva I, the Eastern Ganga king in 13th century. It is in a shape of Rath ( Chariat) with mandapa on a raised platform.
   
   
3. Brahmanya Dev Temple, Unao (Madhya rradesh)
   
   
4. Suryanaar Kovil, Kumbakonam (Tamil Nadu) was built in 11th century in Dravidian style. It also has shrines of eight celestial bodies, together called Navagraha's It has beautiful five-layered Gopuram.
   
   
5. Suryanarayana Swamy temple, Arasavalli (Andhra Pradesh)  It is said to be made by a Kalinga king in 7th century. The idol is made of granite and holds a lotus.
6.  Dakshinaarka Temple, Gaya (Bihar) is said to be built by King Prataparuda of Warangal in 13th century AD. The deity is made in granite and the idol wears Persian attire like waist girdle, boots and a jacket. it has a Surya Kund (water reservoir) nearby.
   
   
7. Navalakha Temple, Ghumb (Gujarat) was made in 11th century.it is build in Solanki and Maru-Gurjara style.
   
   
8. Surya Pahar Temple, Goalpara (Assam)
   
   
9. Martand Sun Temple Kashmir
   
   
10. Sun Temple, Gwalior
    
    Sun Temple of Gwalior is dedicated to the Sun god and one of the must see tourist attractions Of Gallant Gwalior. This holy temple is similar to the Sun temple of Konark and among the famous pilgrimage centres in the city.
    
    
11. Sun Temple in Ranchi
    
    It one of the must visit place in Ranchi and among the top tourist attractions of Jharkhand. The temple is situated about 39 km from Ranchi on Tata-Ranchi road.
    
    
12. Surya Narayana Temple, Domlu
Surya Narayana Temple in Domlu is located in Bangalore city and amongst the top 12 famous Sun God Temples in India. The Surya temple is situated in Domlur, 8 Km from center of Bangalore city.
13. Sun Temple, Katarmal
    
    Katarmal Surya Temple is situated inside the the thick deodars forest of Kumaon hills near Almora. Surya temple of Katarmal is an monument of national importance and noted for its magnificent carved pillars and wooden doors.