Greenhouse gases are a hot topic (pun intended) when it comes to global warming. These gases absorb heat energy emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiate it back to the ground. In this way, they contribute to the greenhouse effect, which keeps the planet from losing all of its heat from the surface at night. The concentrations of various greenhouse gases in the atmosphere determine how much heat is absorbed by the atmosphere and reradiated back to the surface. Human activities—especially fossil-fuel combustion since the Industrial Revolution—are responsible for steady increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The five most significant gases are presented here.
Water vapor
Water vapor is the most potent of the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere, and it’s sort of a unique player among the greenhouse gases. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere cannot, in general, be directly modified by human behavior—it’s set by air temperatures. The warmer the surface, the greater the evaporation rate of water from the surface. As a result, increased evaporation leads to a greater concentration of water vapor in the lower atmosphere capable of absorbing infrared radiation and emitting it downward.
Carbon dioxide
Of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prominent. Sources of atmospheric CO2 include volcanoes, the combustion and decay of organic matter, respiration by aerobic (oxygen-using) organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels, clearing of land, and production of cement by humans. These sources are balanced, on average, by a set of physical, chemical, or biological processes, called "sinks," that tend to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Plant life, which takes up CO2 during the process of photosynthesis, is an important natural sink. In the oceans, marine life can absorb dissolved CO2, and some marine organisms even use CO2 to build skeletons and other structures made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Methane
Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas. It is more potent than CO2, but exists in far lower concentrations in the atmosphere. CH4 also hangs around in the atmosphere for a shorter time than CO2—the residence time for CH4 is roughly 10 years, compared with hundreds of years for CO2. Natural sources of methane include many wetlands, methane-oxidizing bacteria that feed on organic material consumed by termites, volcanoes, seepage vents of the seafloor in regions rich with organic sediment, and methane hydrates trapped along the continental shelves of the oceans and in polar permafrost. The primary natural sink for methane is the atmosphere itself; another natural sink is soil, where methane is oxidized by bacteria.
As with CO2, human activity is increasing the CH4 concentration faster than it can be offset by natural sinks. Human sources (rice cultivation, livestock farming, the burning of coal and natural gas, biomass combustion, and decomposition in landfills) currently account for approximately 70 percent of total annual emissions, leading to substantial increases in concentration over time.
Surface-level ozone
The next most significant greenhouse gas is surface, or low-level, ozone (O3). Surface O3 is a result of air pollution; it must be distinguished from naturally occurring stratospheric O3, which has a very different role in the planetary radiation balance. The primary natural source of surface O3 is the subsidence of stratospheric O3 from the upper atmosphere toward Earth’s surface. In contrast, the primary human-driven source of surface O3 is in photochemical reactions involving carbon monoxide (CO), such as in smog.
Nitrous oxides and fluorinated gases
Additional trace gases produced by industrial activity that have greenhouse properties include nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (halocarbons). The latter includes sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Nitrous oxides have small background concentrations due to natural biological reactions in soil and water, whereas the fluorinated gases owe their existence almost entirely to industrial sources.
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